The Story of Adam and Eve: A Fresh Old Perspective

By Charlie Comerford

I love the story of Adam and Eve.

These days it has a pretty bad rep across the board, from the atheist who believes it to be nothing more than a silly story to the devoted Christian who struggles with some of the “big theologies” that have been forged from its contents; it is perhaps regarded as one of the most controversial narratives of our time.

However, once you peel back all the hardened layers of prejudice and preconception that have smothered its message over the centuries, what you're left with is a beautifully simple yet profoundly sophisticated piece of literature that manages to convey the complexities of the collective human experience, in a way that would have been totally and utterly relatable to the ordinary working man and his family some 3000-4000 years ago.

With that in mind, let us try and imagine how they might have understood it.

Working the fields - Bible Fun for Kids: Genesis Series. Page by Debbie Jackson

The story sets the scene by introducing a land that is in need of cultivating.

This is a fairly fitting environment for the time. Back in ancient days the most common means of making a stable living would have been through agriculture. So we can tell from the very beginning that the story was likely conceived with the most common type of person in mind: the working man and his family.

We see in the story that in order to get the land working properly, man (Adam) is birthed from the ground (Adamah) to care for and maintain it.

The meaning behind the birthing metaphor (used twice in the narrative) is simple: it indicates that man was made for the purpose of working the ground. For the man, the ground represents his livelihood, his source of food, and ultimately his purpose for living.

This starts out as a good, healthy and mutually-beneficial engagement. The man can tend to the ground at his leisure, and in return the ground is generously cooperative; providing the man with an abundance of food.

Now we should pause for a moment and try to imagine what this might have sounded like to an ordinary working man listening to the story in those times, for surely such an accommodating garden would have seemed like paradise!

Why? Well if you think about it, your average working man in those days would have spent the majority of his waking hours toiling in his fields, desperately hoping that his efforts might reap enough harvest to feed his family.

In his routine he would have likely wondered – probably more than once – why work had to be so hard.

The story of Adam and Eve gives us a unique perspective on work. For the lowest common denominator, work would have been one of those universally harrowing experiences. However, in the story, we see that work is set out to be an enjoyable and fulfilling part of life. For the Yahweh-loving Israelite, it would have been important for him to know that his God had originally intended for work to be a pleasant experience.

Although when we return to the story, we find that, despite the fact that the man is enjoying his work, he is not completely fulfilled. He craves companionship – and a horde of fuzzy animals just aren't giving him the kind of satisfaction that he's looking for.

For this purpose, woman (Ishah) is birthed from man (Ish), and in knowing each other both are fulfilled.

Strangely enough, there are two different words for man in this story and both share a likeness to another word (Adam-Adamah, Ish-Ishah).

This is of course no accident. The similarities in sound would have pricked the ears of the ancient listeners and given them cause to contemplate the significance of the relationship between Ish and Ishah – which is initially set out to be an intimate and loving relationship.

For a woman in those times, the experience of social segregation and misogyny would have been her daily burden, and she might well have wondered – probably more than once – why it was so hard to be a woman.

Again, the story comes as a source of comfort and consolation, this time to the woman in her suffering; for in the beginning woman was made to be man's companion, and in turn the man was made to love and cherish her as though she were his very bones and his very flesh.

#Swoon.

At this point in the narrative, the picture is a pretty one: Man is happy with his woman and his work, and woman is happy basking in man's adoration.

And yet, despite the fact that they both had it so good, they still fell prey to one of humanity's most fundamental vices: the desire for more.

In a peculiar turn of events, this error in judgement is triggered by the words of a crafty snake.

Why a snake, some might wonder?

Well, if we again consider the context, what other creature could be considered a bigger troublemaker for an agricultural family than a venomous snake? To the average working man and his family, the snake would have been their natural enemy, and so it becomes an obvious choice for the role of “villain” in the narrative.

The story concludes by relaying the tragic consequences of humanity's greed: the ground is cursed, and so man is forced into backbreaking labour every day until he eventually returns to the ground in death; woman is cursed to submit to the will of man and endure horrendous agony in childbirth; and the snake and the humans are cursed to be locked in a never-ending battle of heel-biting and head-stamping.

The battle rages on...

This remarkable narrative provides us with a fresh perspective on how ancient believers would have dealt with big life concepts, such as birth; work; companionship; temptation; greed; consequence; suffering and death.

To my knowledge, there is no tale that better sums up the human experience in a more concise and comprehensible way.

What's wrong with a low view of scripture?

By Peter Whittle

A Low View?
One of the most common criticisms of progressive Christians (or liberals) is that they hold a low view of scripture; that is, they do not subscribe to a "plain reading" of the Bible. Those who hold a "high view" of scripture are of the belief that the words on the pages are the directly inspired word of God, and as such require relatively little in the way of interpretation, whereas those (such as myself) with a "low" view would say that the bible is a collection of accounts of people trying to communicate their own experience of God, and as such, we need to look at the context of the author in far greater detail in order to gain understanding. To give a fairly innocuous example, lets look at 1 Corinthians 11 v4-6: 

"Every man who prays or prophesies with his head covered dishonours his head. But every woman who prays or prophesies with her ​​head uncovered dishonours her head-it is the same as having her head shaved. For if a woman does not cover her head, she might as well have her hair cut off, but if it is a disgrace for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, then she should cover her head. "(NIV)

Jay-Z Covers his head in order to prophesy

A Christian who takes an extremely high view of scripture would take these verses and argue that God clearly demands we cover our heads in a church context. Those who take a lower view of scripture would argue that the apostle Paul is writing to a specific church, in a specific culture (where it is a disgrace for a woman to have her hair cut off), and as such we do not need to follow this particular piece of advice. 

Complications 
The reality is, that very few people within Christianity would argue for the use of head coverings, and that the example above is a vast over-simplification of the issue. If we broaden the passage to look at verse 3 we see things start to get complicated very quickly.

"But I want you to realize that the head of every man is Christ, and the head of the woman is man, and the head of Christ is God." (NIV)

Now this verse becomes a much more divisive issue, around gender equality. If we take a high view of scripture, the verse tells us about gender roles within Christianity (which will lead to some form of complementarianism), whereas with a lower view of scripture, we can analyze the cultural discrimination of women and factor this into our reading (almost certainly leading to a view of gender equal theology).

It's fair to say Paul did not love feminism 

As we can see, even from this one small passage, the way in which we interpret scripture can have a huge effect on our beliefs. If we were to expand upon this, we would see that a huge number of divisive issues in the modern church come down to how 'low' or 'high' our reading of scripture is (eg. gender equality, LGBTQ rights, poverty, and even the big theological issues like atonement theory or the incarnation). 

Misnomer: The Low 
The issue with talking about "low" and "high" readings is in the name; "low" sounds worse than "high". Something tells me the person who came up with the names did not consider themselves to have a low reading of scripture. But is it worse? Obviously I'm not going to say (the title of this blog is the give-away). I would argue any historical text needs to be read in the light of its historical context, and the bible is no different in this regard. In fact, nearly every Christian ends up with elements of both high and low, and that's where the key lies. I believe that the Bible is a book inspired by God, in which He reveals himself, but I equally believe that if we're not reading it as a historical book, and examining the context in which it was written in, and for, we are barely reading it at all.


Further reading: 
http://www.oasisuk.org/uploaded_docs/Restoring% 20Confidence% 20in% 20the% 20Bible.pdf (This is Steve Chalke on 'Restoring confidence in the Bible,' while I wouldn't agree with everything said here, most of the key points are the same) 

http://vimeo.com/86521708 (not reading at all, this is a video summarising the above link, and is a bit easier going) 

http / / theresurgence.com/2013/08/08/7-key-principles-for-interpreting-the-bible (For an alternate view, and from someone with a 'high' view of scripture, but also so you can see that even the poster boy of evangelicalism rates context as the second most important principle for interpreting the bible) (note: please do not think I endorse ANYTHING on this website, given purely for the sake of balance.) 

If you want to buy something more substantial than the above links, but without getting stupidly in depth, your best bet is probably "How to Read the Bible for All It's Worth" by Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart, this also takes a higher view than I do, but gives a fair introduction to the idea of exegesis (or interpretation).

The L Word

By Ben Molyneux

Liberal.

Is there a more offensive word in the Christian lexicon? You can throw around all the four letter words you like, but the claws are never truly out until the L word gets thrown about.

It’s an odd thing, the L word. It has a proper meaning within theological circles. A liberal, theologically, is someone who denies the resurrection or divinity of Jesus or, more widely, someone who rejects the Nicene creed. But how often do you hear it get used in this manner, as a simple, non-judgemental descriptor of someone’s theological beliefs? I've heard people get called liberals for supporting gay marriage, for suggesting sex before marriage might be acceptable, even for arguing against the death penalty.

It’s an odd thing, the L word. Its first definition in the dictionary is “favourable to progress or reform”. The first definition for conservative, so often the word claimed by those using the L word disparagingly, in the dictionary is “disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change”. Liberalism is about changing things up and conservatism is about keeping things the same.

So the death and resurrection of Christ is just about the most liberal act it’s possible to imagine.

Christianity is a fundamentally liberal religion, an incredibly liberal extension of the Jewish faith which disregards much of what a Jewish person would consider essential. It’s about always moving forward, bringing creation, inch by inch, more in line with how it’s meant to be. Moving forward in light of the most liberal act of all time, the overcoming of death and darkness and all the institutions that rule this world by a man named Jesus.

It’s an odd thing, the L word. Because it has all these meaning, both technical and more nuanced, but we rarely use it to mean that. Instead, the dominant definition for the L word for Christians, particularly evangelicals, today is simply “someone whom I disagree with”. We use it to dismiss people instead of engaging with them.

I'm not a liberal by that first definition (although there are a few contributors round here that are). I believe in the divinity, death and resurrection of Christ. I affirm the Nicene creed. I am, under all historical criteria, an orthodox Christian. Yet, I like to question things, to prod and probe them to see if they make sense in the cold light of day. I don’t think the dominant interpretation of scripture within evangelicalism has got everything right. And I don’t ever think things are meant to stay the same as they are. 

I think God is always calling us to bigger, better things.

So am I a liberal Christian? I don’t think the question even makes sense any more. The L word has been used and abused to the point where it’s almost devoid of actual meaning. But, even if I am under someone’s definition, what does that matter? It’s far too easy for us to dismiss someone’s opinion as “liberal” or “fundamentalist” without engaging with it.

N.T. Wright has talked about reading Rudolf Bultmann’s Christmas sermons to undergraduate students without telling them who they were by. Bultmann, arguably the father of theological liberalism, still had something to teach them, even if they disagreed with much of what he thought. It’s fascinating, isn't it? Maybe it’s time we started looking beyond the labels to discern where God’s wisdom can be found. Whether it’s called liberal, progressive, evangelical, fundamentalist, emergent or any number of other words, we can find truth, wisdom and beauty in it. We just need to be prepared to find those things in places where others have already stuck a label and walked off.

If we’re lucky, we might even find them in a blog that has the L word in its name.

Soap Box Jesus

By Andy Sayers

The Calling of Saint Matthew - Caravaggio 

*When I  say unrepentant sinner in this blog, I mean a person who does not want to repent or does not feel the need to do so. This categorisation is one I have borrowed from E.P. Sanders. The unrepentant sinners, were a group of people who were by choice separate from the rest of the community by their decision not to repent. Everyone else, would still sin of course but would in due course make peace offerings or other sacrifices in the temple to cleanse themselves. For example, the adulteress in Jn 8:11 has sinned, but she is not an unrepentant sinner. Whereas, the group referred to in Mk 2:16f is an example of a group of unrepentant sinners. Known by the Jewish community of the time as the ‘amme ha-arets.

I think Jesus does weird stuff sometimes and this is one of the weirder things I have noticed.

Culturally Uncouth

Pretty much every Historical Jesus scholar agrees that, out of everything Jesus is said to have done here on earth, having table fellowship with unrepentant sinners is one thing that is undeniable. The controversy it sparked (Mk 2:16f) was primarily a crime of association and, to the onlookers, he might as well have just said he was one of them. We can take from this right away, that not only was this action paramount for what Jesus wanted to achieve but also that it was a massive deal for someone to associate with sinners in this environment. 

Methodologically Mysterious

We know it was an important decision for Jesus to take this approach but what is more interesting is Jesus’ method in dealing with sinners.

There may have been what we could regard as a sort of standard structure of repentance at the time. This was the structure that John the Baptist had laid down and used (Mk 1:4). Simply put: Repent and you will receive forgiveness.

The problem with Jesus is that when it comes to these unrepentant sinners, he never actually asks any of them to repent. 

Now, you could say that when Jesus approached an unrepentant sinner he reversed the standard structure of repentance to: Receive forgiveness (and then repent later). You could technically argue that what I have placed in brackets is true but unfortunately there is no evidence that directly supports it. Jesus never, ever requests repentance of an unrepentant sinner. From what we can read in the Bible Jesus promotes the first half of this reversed structure … but not the second half. I will say it again: He never, ever asks any unrepentant sinner to repent.

I expect three different reactions to this. I’m sure some of you will be thinking, ‘Oh that’s nice, Jesus forgave the sinners, it just goes to show that he loved everyone no matter if they repented or not.’ Others of you are probably outraged, ‘How could he just forgive those people when they haven’t even realised what they do is against God!‘ Others of you probably just downright do not believe me that the Bible never shows Jesus asking for repentance from these people. Let me know if you find anything that contradicts this but as far as I can see Jesus never asks an unrepentant sinner to repent.

The obvious dilemma here then is whether all people actually have to repent to be forgiven. We are specifically talking here about individuals who do not want to repent. Therefore we must limit the definition of repentance to turning around. That is realising that the way you were going was wrong and changing direction, not the more trivial, day-to-day, doing something wrong every now and again and saying sorry for it.

When Jesus was speaking to everyone else, repentance was clearly part of his teaching. On one hand, using hyperbole, we see him instructing relatively righteous people to use extreme tactics to avoid sin (e.g. ‘if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away’ Mt 5:30). On the other hand, we do not see him talking to unrepentant sinners about avoiding sin. So you can argue well enough that repentance was part of Jesus’ general message but you cannot argue a very strong case that he taught the unrepentant that they had to repent.

As I said, Jesus does weird stuff but there are a few clues that let us see what Jesus was up to. The first is that, in Lk 5:32 Jesus himself says that he has ‘not come to call the righteous but sinners to repentance.’ Even though we do not see Jesus doing this, we can see that it was part of his grand scheme.

The second is that one of Jesus’ disciples was a tax collector (tax collectors being consistently considered one and the same as the unrepentant sinners in the gospels) and Jesus definitely would have required a rigorous morality from his own disciples (Mt. 5:19).

The third is found in Luke’s gospel again. A lot of scholars believe that the story of Zacchaeus has been made up by Luke. However, made up or not, Luke’s intention was to show us what Jesus was really like as best as he could. In the story we eventually see Zacchaeus seeking repentance (and restitution), not by request of Jesus, but of his own accord. Ironically, it actually makes the point much stronger if Luke did design this story, because it shows again that Jesus did not ask for repentance from an unrepentant sinner but with Luke filling in the gaps we see that, in the end, the formerly unrepentant sinner Zacchaeus decided to repent anyhow.

Repentance was most likely always a part of what Jesus’ teaching, no matter who he was talking to, but whether or not he mentioned it was entirely dependent on his listeners. In the same way, I think we too can and should find ways to apply the approach Jesus took to sharing the gospel with those who do not want to or do not feel the need to repent. 

Surely more effective than if he had just taken out his soap box to have a dig at them.


Sources:

Jeremias did some work which related to Jesus' interactions with this group of people which I have been referring to as unrepentant sinners. I am of the conviction that what he argued about who this group of people were was wrong. His work threw a lot of people off track.

-Jeremias, J.,The Proclamation of Jesus, New Testament Theology; London: SCM Press, 1971.

If you would like to see why he was wrong you can read this article by Powell. Powell's article is actually very helpful. If you were going to read one thing to find out more, you should read this.

-Powell, M.A., ‘Was Jesus a Friend of Unrepentant Sinners? A Fresh Appraisal of Sanders’s Controversial Proposal,’ Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus, 7 (2009) 286–310.

Not long after this Sanders produced a, at the time, very controversial book called Jesus and Judaism. It was controversial because it challenged so much historical Jesus research that had preceded it and there was no simple answer to much of what he brought to the table. His chapter on the sinners is incredible. In fact I found everything I read in his book incredible. There are a few responses to his chapter on the sinners but they hardly make a dent in it. Read this book if you are a bit of a nerd.

-Sanders E.P., Jesus and Judaism, London: SCM Press, 1985.

The two responses to Sanders chapter on the sinners were written by Allison and another by Chilton. They are helpful for putting Sanders' chapter in perspective.
-Allison, D.C., ‘Jesus and the Covenant: A response to E.P. Sanders,’ Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 29 (1987) 57-78.
-Chilton, B.D., ‘Jesus and the Repentance of E. P. Sanders,’ Tyndale Bulletin, 39 (1988) 1-18. 

You could also read the synoptic gospels.